Hitler s Rise Of Power - 1716 Words

What or even who was accountable for Hitler’s rise to power? Many believe that there was only one contributing factor for his rise to power. Some state that Hitler could not have risen to power in any other than Germany, implying that he was nothing more than a product of German culture. From others perspective they believe that Hitler made himself dictator by means of his political genius. And yet still theirs others that profess it was the weak democratic government of the Weimar Republic or Germany’s social and economic scene in the 1930’s that made the people restless and prepared for a dictator to come to power. Hitler s rise to power cannot be attributed to one event, but a mixture of factors including events happening outside Germany, the strengths of the Nazi party, and the weaknesses of other parties within Germany. Hitler used these factors to his advantage and in 1933 he legitimately gained power to become chancellor. One reason for his rise to power b eing the political and economic chaos of the 1920’s and the 1930’s joined forces with German culture that enabled Hitler to rise to power. Both play an comparable part. Hand in hand, both reasons fit together like pieces of a puzzle, to create a unique situation for Hitler’s rise. Feeling that all was gone astray, Hitler shot himself on April 30, 1945. By orders formally given by him before his death, officers drenched Hitler s body in gasoline and burned it in the garden of the Chancellery. Soon after the suicideShow MoreRelatedHitler s Rise Of Power1221 Words   |  5 PagesAmanda Dibella English 10 MYP5 Hugh Jazz 14 March 2016 Hitler s Rise to Power Hitler s rise to power was greatly facilitated by his social mind with a theoretically high IQ of around 150 in the top 0.1% of everyone in the world. This large amount of intelligence can help him out think and keep himself one step ahead of everyone near him keeping his plans in clear site without the anyone the wiser. Hitler used two major skills to get power: persuasive rhetoric and cleverly worded statements to coverRead MoreHitler s Rise Of Power2114 Words   |  9 PagesHitler was especially noted when he earned the First Class Iron Cross, the highest military honor a German could receive. Hitler s commander had ended up in No Man s Land, screaming for help. Hitler, crawled out of his trench and pulled him to safety, without get shot down or killed. This gave Hitler a sense of belonging and respect, two things he had never gotten at home. â€Å"I sank down upon my knees and thanked Heaven out of the fullness of my heart† (Raggett). Hitler had said. Instead of an AustrianRead MoreHitler S Rise To Power1779 Words   |  8 PagesHarriette Mellor History 10L3 Hitler’s Rise to Power - Q1 During the years between the end of World War One and Adolf Hitler’s optimum years of power prior to World War Two, Germany was struggling with a great deal of political, economic and social troubles. The political confusion throughout this time was one of the predominant reasons that Hitler was able to gain such a degree of power from 1929 to 1933. The consequences of losing the Great War were disastrous and Germany faced uncertain timesRead MoreEssay on Hitler ´s Rise to Power630 Words   |  3 PagesWhat I learned about this year was about Hitlers Rise To Power/The Final solution, the Holocaust, World War II, and Anne Frank. All of these things was, becuase of Hitler. They all connect together at the end. These were the one of the mosst pain the world have gotten in. If the U.S got it sooner it might of been better. Lets start with Hitlers Rise to power/The final solution. Hitler sent all the Jews he can find to consation camps. They arnt the camps you would want to go to. The peopleRead MoreHitler ´s Rise to Power Essay579 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to en.wikipedia.org and historyplace.cpm, Hitlers rise to power began in Germany when he joined the Nazi party in September, 1919. Deep anger about the first world war and the treaty of Versalies created an underlying bitterness in the German people which Hitlers viciousness and expansionism appealed, so the perty gave him support. He was imprisioned after the 1923 unich Bear hall putsch. The Bear hall putsch resulted in the deaths of four officers. He was sentenced to five years, duringRead MoreHitler s Rise Of Power And Get His Fascist Ideas1639 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Did Hitler Rise to Power and Get his Fascist Ideas This essay will talk about the life of the Nazi Party (also known as the National Socialist German Workers Party), Fascism in Germany, and Adolf Hitler. It will think about what influenced Germany to vote for the Nazis and whether or not Hitler was brought up with the idea of fascism, or whether he was mentally scarred from a young age. This essay will also discuss about how did the Nazis do in their early years in the German elections, andRead MoreThe Reasons For Adolf Hitler s Rise Of Power As The Chancellor Of Germany3897 Words   |  16 PagesThe reasons for Adolf Hitler’s rise to power as the Chancellor of Germany in January 1933, as the leader of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP or Nazi party), have been widely studied and debated. There are numerous biographies about Hitleras hundreds, if not thousands, of people attempt to discover new information to understand just how he was able to become such a powerful figure. It can be argued that Hitle r was a key factor in starting the Second World War and he was certainlyRead MoreHitler ´s Rise to Power in Post World War I Germany627 Words   |  3 Pagesfor extremist parties as people living extreme conditions are more likely to listen to extreme ideas. The Nazi’s were extremes with their leader Adolf Hitler. Hitlers rise to power can’t be pin pointed down to one event but many including; Germany’s economic state, the main factor, that Hitler was a charismatic man and The Treaty of Versailles. Hitler used all these factors to his advantage which meant finally in 1933 he become Chancellor. Germany lost World War 1 and France wanted to treat GermanyRead MoreThe Sociological Aspects Of Hilter s A Social Context1594 Words   |  7 Pagesarticle â€Å"Hitler in a Social Context† will examine the strengths and weaknesses of the sociological aspects of Hilter’s rise to power during the Third Reich. Kater’s motivation for writing this article is primarily based on the need form of comprehensive socio-historical or sociological evaluation of Hitler, which will define the charismatic effects of Hitler’s leadership in the rise of Nazi power. In a historiographical context, various biographers and social historians have examined Hitler, but theRead MoreAdolf Hitler As A Leader Of Nazi Germany1677 Words   |  7 PagesAdolf Hitler once said â€Å"It is more difficult to fight against faith than against knowledge† (â€Å"30 Eye Catching Hitler Quotes.). In a dictatorship there is one ruler who is in charge of everything in the nation in which h e/she rules. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn. Hitler also known as Fà ¼hrer; he was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as dictator from 1934 to 1945. Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany, he was one of the initial causes which triggered

How Does Genetic Predisposition Enhances The Probability...

Schizophrenia is a very but serious mental disease which 1.2% of the American population is diagnosed with this. . It s not known what causes schizophrenia, but researchers believe that a combination of genetics and environment contributes to development of the disorder. Problems with certain naturally occurring brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, also may contribute. This is a disease that is said to begin in early adulthood, which is between 15 to age 25. Research shows that males become ill in their early teens to early adulthood. Men tend to get develop schizophrenia slightly earlier than women. Most males become ill at age 16 or 25 most females develop symptoms several years later. This disease is noticeably higher in women after age 30. Schizophrenia is quite possible the most dreaded psychological disorder there is. It is also one of the most heavily researched (Myers, 477). Unfortunately there is no certain cause of this disease. Researched show that genetic predisposition enhances the probability of schizophrenia. A child who has a biological parent that has been diagnosed with schizophrenia has approximately a one in eight chance of developing this dreaded disorder (Berger, 407). In a study this is evaultion Schizophrenia is not generally recognized to be occurring until after truly odd and irrational behaviors are expressed during what is called a psychotic break, or first break. (DOMBECK, 2009) it is the outwardShow MoreRelatedBiological And Psychological Aspect Of Schizophrenia Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological Aspect of Schizophrenia Antone Graham National University Biological Psychology Professor Matthew Sanders October 20, 2016 Abstract This paper defines schizophrenia from a biological and psychological perspective and also provides treatment to help combat symptoms of schizophrenia. This paper has three important contributions. First, by defining and expanding on schizophrenia from a biological perspective, I can identify the nature related predispositions. After expanding fromRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Is It Nature Working With Nurture?1550 Words   |  7 PagesIs the question really Nature versus Nurture or is it Nature working with Nurture? These two forces work together to form a person throughout his or her life. Some scientists believe that personality is based on genetic predispositions, which is known as nature. Other scientists believe the way a person acts is from life experiences, the way a person is taught, and the environment in which a person grew up is known as nurture. In all honesty, the two go hand in hand. One side may pull a bit harderRead MoreIntro to Psychology: Chapter Notes 1- 54753 Word s   |  20 Pages* Applied Research * Practice * Teaching * Fields of Psychology * Clinical Counseling School Industrial Educational Developmental personality Health Forensic Social Environmental Experimental sport LO3: Where does psychology come from? (Germany) (p.7-10) Aristotle: Peri Psyches Democritus Socrates: introspection * Psychology as a lab science * Gustav Theodor Fechner * Elements of psychophysics (1880) * Wilheim Wundt *Read MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesthis book nonassignable permission to reproduce the appendices of this book. This license is limited to you, the individual purchaser, for use with your own clients and patients. It does not extend to additional clinicians or practice settings, nor does purchase by an institution constitute a site license. This license does not grant the right to reproduce these materials for resale, redistribution, or any other purposes (including but not limited to books, pamphlets, articles, video- or audiotapes,Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesan OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce

Mitigation Essay Example For Students

Mitigation Essay Mitigation measures for all culturally significant locations found during an archaeological survey along the thirty-mile long proposed gas pipeline project in portions of Cleveland and McClain Counties in central Oklahoma should consider the degree of the impact, such as, no adverse affect, an adverse effect, or no effect. Other consideration, when considering mitigation techniques is how significant is the impact. Early notification of the State historic preservation officers is also important when determining historical site information and mitigation considerations. 1.Mitigation plans for location A (5 miles east of the westernmost point of the pipeline), which is already included in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) would consist of the following; alternate routes that would avoid the NRHP site completely, down scaling the proposed project size, or possibly abandoning the pipeline project completely. All these proposed mitigation techniques could be used which would spare the NRHP site any adverse effects. If the pipeline project must continue along the proposed route, alternative mitigation options could be used. Possibly repairing, rehabilitating or even restoring the site where any damage has occurred during the construction phase of the pipeline. If these mitigation would not be acceptable, then relocation of the site and the salvage of all sites material if the site location had to be destroyed during construction. 2.Location B and C (8 miles and 9 miles, respectively, east of the westernmost point of the pipeline), were found eligible for NRHP protection. Mitigation measures at both location B and C would be the same as location A, since properties eligible for inclusions are covered under section 106 of The National Historic Preservation Act which is the same as properties already listed in the NRHP. 3.At location D (14 miles east of the westernmost point of the pipeline), an old building used as a farm house by early settler (about 100 years ago) in Cleveland county was found not eligible for the NRHP. Even thought the farmhouse was not eligible for the NRHP this does not necessarily mean that the farmhouse does not have historical value to the Locals. Consideration of Local concerns should be addressed when considering destruction of the farmhouse and possible mitigation measures. Other considerations include possible future eligibility to the NRHP, since the farmhouse is 100 years old. Possible mitigation measure could include relocation of the farmhouse or event an alternate route for the pipeline. Finally it may be necessary to demolish the farmhouse in the interest of the gas pipeline project. 4.At location E (23 miles east of the westernmost point of the pipeline) several grave sites were found: which are thought to be a part of a larger Indian burial ground. This location and all associated items would be protected by The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. Mitigation recommendation for this site would be not to disturb the graves by rerouting the pipeline, or canceling the pipeline project. Disruption of the Indian burial ground as a mitigation alternative would be unlikely. Prearranged plans should be made for any additional historic properties found during the construction phase of the thirty-mile long pipeline. The plans should be included in any documentation during the assessment and consultation steps of the Section 106 process. It may be necessary to develop agreements or Memoranda of Understanding with the state and local archaeological agencies just in case a site is discovered during the construction phase. Care should be taken not to divulge any information to the public until the historical site is protected from thieves and from people that could damage the site.

Irony of Democracy free essay sample

Elites, and not the masses, govern the United States: all major decisions are made by the elite minority†¦. they have power. Elite members are anyone who participates in decisions that allocate resources for society Masses are the people that do not have power compared to elites. They usually are very uninformed, and many don’t even vote in the national election. Their lives are shaped by the institutions that the elites create Elite theory is an approach to describing society, focusing on the few with power, their values, their behavior, and their demographics In a democracy, elites have to take control and they have power over the resources. Despite the differences in political parties, elites generally have consensus over the broader issues (limiting government, individual liberties, and sanctity of private property) Iron Law of Oligarchy: theory in political science stating that an elite is inevitable in any social organization, of any size, whether family, club, union, business, or society as a whole (there must be elites in any style of government or society†¦there needs to be control and we can’t have all the millions of people deciding what laws are good for us) ? Upward mobility is common in our country. We will write a custom essay sample on Irony of Democracy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People wouldn’t put in so much effort in their lives if they knew they were going to stay in the same social class. Thus, a circulation of elites occurs, where there is a movement of talented and ambitious individuals from the lower strata into the elite ? Democracy: where there is a participation in government, where people are highly involved and the country forms its own identity. â€Å"Let the people rule† (â€Å"majority rule, minority rights†) ? The United States took much of its work from John Locke, who was in favor of â€Å"natural rights to life, liberty, and property† ? Public policy reflects not the demands of the masses but the prevailing values of the elite, elites could act out of narrow self-interest and could risk undermining mass support ? Referendum: a device by which the electorate must approve decisions of the legislative before these become law or become part of the state constitution or by which the electorate must approve of proposals placed on the ballot by popular initiative ? Initiative: a device whereby a specified number or percentage of voters, through the use of a petition, may have a proposed measure placed on the ballot for adoption or rejection by the electorate of the state ? Recall: a petition for an election to decide whether or not an incumbent official should be ousted from office before the end of his or her term ? Portal law: the law should treat everyone equally by the government ? Direct democracy: when the masses vote directly for his or her politicians†¦. founders fear it would lead to rapid change ? Republic: elect someone to represent you in government ? Elitism: the theory that elites rule over the masses. Division between the masses and the elites is emphasized. Emphasizes the importance to leaders of maintaining their positions of power†¦you never know when the masses will start gaining power. The compromise among elite leadership will lead to much decision-making. Communication flows from the elites to the masses. No matter what party, all elites want power ? Pluralism: society is divided into interest groups, and leaders make decisions on bargaining and jousting. Thus, democratic values can be preserved, and voters exercise meaning choices in elections, and new elites can gain access to power. Emphasizes the division of society into interests and competition between leadership groups. With conflict from the elites, the people will see their interests come through. Competition among leader groups protects the individual. Masses have real influence on policy through interest groups and elections. Focuses on governmental leaders chosen directly in elections and asserts that leaders can be held accountable to the people ? Elite distemper: elitists sometimes don’t do the right thing (e. g. adultery, Elliot Spitzer) ? Masses are to blame, we believe in freedom of speech, yet a lot of times we don’t go by that (terrorism). We also don’t follow other amendments, we just do what we want instead of abiding by law ? Political stability depends on people being involved in their own lives, we need the masses to be slightly inattentive ? The masses believe that officials don’t care what the masses think ? Classical liberalism: an ideology that holds that society is created by a social contract among rational individuals capable of thinking for themselves and determining what is in their own best interest who then choose to give up some freedoms in exchange for security ? Review charts on democratic, elite, and pluralistic theory ? Mass unrest: extremist and intolerant political movements, led by appeals to racial hatred, class antagonism, and personal fears ? Elite repression: limitations on dissent, speech, and assembly in the name of law and order) ? It is the irony of democracy that the survival of democratic values-individual dignity, limited government, equality of opportunity, private property, freedom of speech and press, religious tolerance, and due process of law-depends on enlightened elites ? Democratic values can be preserved only by multiple competitive elites-the media, parties, interest groups, corporations, unions and other independent institutions ? Power is the ability to influence people and events by granting or withholding valuable resources ? Democratic theory proposes: popular participation in the decisions that shape the lives of individuals in a society, government by majority rule with recognition of the rights of minorities to try to become majorities, a commitment to individual dignity and the preservation of the classical liberal values of life, liberty, and property, and also a commitment to equal opportunity for all individuals to develop their capacities through political participation ? Chapter 2- The Elite Consensus of the Founding Fathers: US Political Principles The Articles of Confederation: established a â€Å"firm league of friendship† among the states (effective from 1781 to 1789) ? Problem with the AOC? Too much power to the states, allowed states to regulate commerce and to levy taxes. ? The Annapolis Convention, written by Hamilton, adopted a report that outlined the defects of the AOC and called on the states to send delegates to a new convention ? In summer 1786, Shay’s Rebellion was a violent uprising threatened the property and creditor class and galvanized the elite into action. (Masses vs Elites)†¦even though it was put down, forced Congress to begin to write a new Constitution, focusing on a stronger central government ? George Washington was quickly called the leader of the nation, and stood at the apex of US elite structure, and ultimately was the 1st President of the United States ? The Founding Fathers had an extense of education, mainly from Harvard, William and Mary, and Yale†¦.. education was key to writing the Constitution ? Most of the Founders were government bond holders, investors, and owned slaves ? Classical liberalism: an ideology that holds that society is created by a social contract among rational individuals capable of thinking for themselves and determining what is in their own best interest who then choose to give up some freedoms in exchange for some security ? Classical conservatism: a world view that saw human nature as flawed and prove to weakness, thus a politics was needed that would mitigate the worst of the damage humans might inflict on themselves ? Social contract theory: the core concept is that society exists because the free individuals who compose it have made a rational decision that forming society is in their self-interest ? The Founding Fathers agreed the masses should have only a limited, indirect role in selecting decision makers, and that decision makers themselves should be men of wealth, education, and proven leadership ability. Also believed in limited government that could not threaten liberty or property ? This elite consensus at the time was still much more radical compared with the beliefs of elite contemporaries elsewhere in the world: everywhere else mainly contained principles of hereditary monarchy and privileged nobility, whereas US elites were committed to republicanism ? Connecticut Compromise: put together the Virginia and NJ Compromises, where the â€Å"lower house† would be based on population, and the â€Å"upper house† would be equal with two senators from each house ? 3/5 compromise: 3/5 of the slaves of each state would be counted for the purpose of both representation and apportioning direct taxes ? The interstate commerce clause prohibited the states from taxing either imports or exports, which created a free-trade area over the 13 states (at the time) ? The Convention approved the Constitution without property qualifications on officeholders or voters†¦. but no votes to women until the 19th amendment in 1920 ? Elites much more benefited more directly and immediately than did nonelites†¦. the elites wouldn’t have adopted the Constitution if otherwise ? The Constitution says that the government can levy direct taxes only on the basis of population and it follows that it could not levy such taxes in proportion to wealth†¦. only did the 16th amendment in 1913 was protection against levying progressive income taxes broken ? Congress is given to power to: make bankruptcy laws, to coin money and regulate its value, to fix standards of weights and measures, to punish counterfeiting, to establish post offices and post roads, and to pass copyright and patent laws to protect authors and inventors†¦. much more power than in the AOC ? States were banned from coining any sort of money and couldn’t pass any law â€Å"impairing the obligation of contracts† ? From the Constitution, the President was made â€Å"commander-in-chief†: he was allowed to make treaties with the advice and consent of the State, leader of the army and navy when called into federal service, and also send and receive ambassadors ? No taxes can be placed on exports, but tariffs (taxes on imports) are allowed, a form of protection for domestic industries ? The US government built in the slow, unwieldy process into the Constitution to protect private interests from governmental interference and to shield the government and makes it easy for established groups to oppose change, then it is working as intended (checks and balances) ? see tables on page 41 ? Marbury v. Madison: constitutionalized judicial review, where laws of states and the federal government can be review for their constitutionalities ? Of the 4 decision-making entities established, only the House was to be directly elected by the people, due to the 17th Amendment now senators are direct as well ? The fundamental guarantees of liberty in the Bill of Rights were political concessions by the nation’s elite ? Chapter 3: Elites in America An elite member is anyone who participates in decisions that allocate resources for society, not just those who participate in decision making as part of the government ? Corporate and personal wealth is channeled through foundations to universities and think tanks to undertake policy research and develop policy recommendations ? â€Å"circulation of elites†: the movement of talented and ambitious individuals from the lower strata into the elite ? The US has never experienced a true revolution that forcibly replaced government elites with non-elites (incremental rather not revolutionary) ? McCulloch v. Maryland: firmly established the principle that Congress has the right to choose any appropriate means for carrying out the delegated powers of the national government ? â€Å"national and proper† clause: gives Congress many powers the Constitution many powers it doesn’t explicitly grant, providing legal justification for the continuing expansion of the federal government ? Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans took over many of Hamilton’s policies and drove out the entire Federalist party but taking over a lot of their programs and agreeing on a lot of the same things ? The expansion in the West led the â€Å"Jacksonians† of the 1820s to become louder advocates that all white men should have the right to vote and to hold public office because there was a greater chance that a member of the masses would hold power ? Slavery was a huge issue: white elites in the South highly benefited from slave labor, white elites in the North had no use for slaves and had no direct interest for abolishing it. The problem was this now â€Å"new West†: The Northern elites wanted a West composed of small farmers who produced food and raw materials for the industrial and commercial East and provided a market for eastern goods. The south needed protection for the cotton economy. ? Dred Scott v. Sanford: Missouri Compromise was deemed unconstitutional because Congress had no authority to forbid slavery in any territory, the Constitution protected slave property like any other property ? Contrary to popular belief, Lincoln didn’t want to free the slaves at first. He wished to preserve the Union, halt slavery in the western territories, to restore orderly government, and to establish that the states cannot resist national authority without force ? The Emancipation Proclamation was an attempt from Lincoln for political and military action by the president for the sake of helping to preserve the Union ? The loss of southern planters after the Civil War led way to higher business and industries in the North; this led to the emergence of â€Å"trusts†, but monopolies are by definition anti-competitive and violate a core elite consensus on free competition in a free marketplace, resulting in elite demand for anti-trust action by the government ? Both Roosevelt and Wilson had programs to preserve competition and believed elites must function in the public interest and that some government regulation might be required to see that they do so ? FDR believed government needed to undertake more careful economic planning to adapt â€Å"existing economic organizations to the service of the people†. He highly reformed the economy with the New Deal ? Noblesse oblige: elite responsibility for the welfare of the masses ? The federal government has been increasing in its size, see Figure 3. 2 for further details ? Economic elites decide what will be produced, how it will be produced, how much it will cost, how many people will be employed, who will be employed, and what their wages will be. Decide how goods and services will be distributed, how much money will be available for loans, what interest rates will be charged, and what technologies will be developed ? Economic elites: the men and women who hold positions of power in those businesses, whether as executives or directors ? The US IRS receive about 6 million corporate tax returns each year, and only 25,000 (. 4 percent) come from corporations that earn over $50 million in annual revenues†¦.. yet these large corporations account for nearly 3/4th of the total corporate revenues in the nation ? The largest US investment firms largely decide how the nation will invest in its future. They decide whether, when, and under what terms US corporations can borrow money from and sell stocks and bonds to the general public ? Managerialism: general management skills are more important than detailed production-specific knowledge ? Most stockholders sign over â€Å"proxies† so top management can cast these proxy votes at the annual meetings of stockholders ? The formal division of power in a corporation is between the board of directors, elected by the shareholders, and the company executives, hired and fired by the board†¦board sets policy ? Corporate power is further concentrated by a system of interlocking directorates, in which a director of one corporation also sits on the boards of one or more other corporations ? â€Å"revolving door†: elites move from power positions in banking, industry, etc. to government positions ? The policy-planning groups, or think tanks, are the central coordinating points in the policy-making process by reviewing the relevant university and foundation-supported research on topics on interest, with the goal of developing policy recommendations-explicit programs designed to resolve or ameliorate national problems ? The media define the â€Å"problem† as a problem and thus set the agenda for policy making, encourage politicians to assume new policy stances by allocating valuable network broadcast time to those who will speak out in favor of new policy directions ? According to elite theory, the movement of nonelites into elite positions must be slow and continuous in order to maintain stability and avoid revolution ? Chapter 4-Masses in the United States Perhaps the greatest threat to democracy in the United States is the continuing prevalence of apathy and ignorance among the masses†¦eligible US citizens have about a 50% turnout in PRESIDENTIAL elections ? Real worker wages are still basically where they were 40 years ago despite decades of overall economic growth ? Deunionization is partly a product of the globalization of the economy†¦. if workers are unhappy, factors could move or immigrants could replace them ? Distrust and cynicism characterize mass attitudes toward government and politics†¦disrespect of authority and the increase of media and decrease of political parties have led to cynicism ? Level of education is related to degree of tolerance and respect for civil liberty in the United States; the more education, the higher the tolerance ? Mass confidence in US institutions is generally higher than mass confidence in the people who run the same institutions ? People in the US are very ignorant to their own country; only a little over half the people even know the 10 amendments are the Bill of Rights! ? Halo effect: giving socially approved responses to questions regardless of their true feelings; many people don’t care and hold no opinion on political issues, thus making polls sometimes could be useless ? Conspiracy theories: irrational theories about power, usually when the elites feel very separated from the masses, where much of the population feels powerless ? Sustained political participation-voting consistently in election after election for state and local offices as well as Congress and the president-is very rare ? Elites hope that masses will be apathetic; thus they have more leeway in what policies they want to for and most people won’t care. However, when masses protest, that’s when elites could be in some trouble and it could threaten democratic values ? Mass unrest typically occurs after a defeat in a war, or something domestically such as economic depression or severe unemployment ? Counterelites: people who wish to become elites immediately†¦. without going through the â€Å"circulation of elite† process. They’re very dangerous by threatening democratic values, and seek to exploit the worst attribute of mass politics such as intolerance or race hatred ? Right counterelites have been much stronger than left counterelites, such as the KKK and self-styled citizen â€Å"militias†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. they also contributed to the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing ? Elites become more repressive during times of crisis: 9/11 came with more restrictions on freedom and more surveillance on their papers and communication, Abraham Lincoln suspended habeas corpus during the Civil War, and Japanese-American citizens were put in interment camps after the outbreak of World War II ? Income inequality has decreased earnings, which leads to threat of the ideal of social mobility ? Chapter 5- The Media: Elite-Mass Communication Television is the most common form of media for the elites to portray to the masses ? The political functions of the mass media include news making, interpretation, socialization, persuasion, and agenda setting ? NEWS MAKING= deciding what gets on the air and allocating time on their shows and papers to grab the publics attention ? INTERPRETATION= news makers search for an angle on a story and put it into context to get the masses to listen to their message. Many news stations are based on ideology ? SOCIALIZATION= teach masses the elites preferred political norms and values through both news and entertainment programming, usually with elite interference. Examples include election night, and entertainment programs ? PERSUASION= when big powerful men make deliberate attempts to affect peoples beliefs, attitudes, or behavior. EX: political campaigns ? AGENDA SETTING= its the first step of policy making which determine which issues are worthy of consideration. Politicians can call issues different names such as crisis to make the masses more attentive ? There is a liberal bias in the media: ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN tend to interpret news in a more liberal sense. Fox News came along and gave a conservative viewpoint, so more conservatives could turn in the media and have more support of the right-wingers ? The Sullivan Rule requires public officials not only to show the media published or broadcast false and damaging statements but also to prove they did so knowing at the time their statements were false and damaging or did so with reckless disregard for the truth or falsehood of their statements. first amendment guarantees a powerful, independent, and critical media elite ? Many younger people in the world are now getting their news from the Internet ? Congress unsucessfully attempted to outlaw offensive material on the Internet in its Communications Decency Act of 1996. but Supreme Court shut it down due to 1st Amendment rights ? candidate image: the personal traits of the candidates and their ability to project a personal image of charm, etc. ? The cost of campaigning have risen dramatically because of the high cost of professional ad agencies and television advertising ? Many reporting during campaigns is horse race reporting which is just simply talking about the race, instead of actually policy issues ? Sound bites take away time from the word of the actual candidates and puts more time back to the media bias reporting ? The masses suffer from information overload, with so many communications coming at masses, they cant process them all. Elites have more trouble influencing them if their brains are dead ? The masses use selective perception with a mental screening out information where they disagree. Thus, media elites have less of a chance to influence the minds of the masses ?